The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia[5] between 8000 and 5000 BC.[6] It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries.
The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancon (central Peru), dating to 2500 BC.[52][53] The most widely cultivated variety, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, is indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago, and has been cultivated by the local indigenous people since before the Spanish conquest.[24][54]
According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900.[55] In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca civilization, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, part of the Columbian exchange. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. The potato was slow to be adopted by European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the European 19th century population boom.[7] However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine.[30] Thousands of varieties still persist in the Andes however, where over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household.[56]
감자는, 기원전 약 8000년경 BC8000YEARS, 현재의 남부페루지역에서 재배되기 시작한 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 감자 역시도, ATLANTIS문명으로부터 전달되어진 것으로 추론되고 있었다. 이 감자는 그러니까 잉카문명으로 알려진 페루 안데스산맥 고산지대에서 처음으로 재배된 것으로 알려져 있고, 이 안데스산맥 고산지대와 브라질의 마투그로소는, 초고대문명들의 발자취가 남아 있는 곳으로 알려져 있었다.
인류의 주요 식량(곡물류)중 중요하고 긍정적인 곡물류들은 대부분은, 아틀란티스문명권에서 유래되었을 가능성이 높은데, 원본래적으로 지구를 만든 사람들은, 육식성 파충류계열이었으므로, 원본래적 지구에는 그다지 먹을만한 채소나 야채, 과일, 곡류가 없었을 것은 미루어 짐작할수 있겠다. 특히 플레이아데스인들 역시도 마찬가지로서 육식성 파충류계열이기 때문이다.
중세의 유럽은 매우 가난했는데, 주된 이유는 JEHOVAH놈이 사람들을 탄압했기 때문이다. 로마제국 멸망후 중세암흑기가 도래한 것도 JEHOVAH놈 때문으로 알려져 있었다. 이 당시 유럽은 매우 가난하여, 투르크 도적놈들조차도 들어가지 않았다고 전해지고 있었다. 서돌궐 계열의 도둑놈들조차도 도무지 가난해서 털 것이 없다며, 들어가지 않았던 유럽은 오늘날 선진제국으로 성장한다.
가난했던 유럽의 가난한 농민들과 서민들의 주린 배를 채워준 것은 바로 감자였다. 이것은 아틀란티스가 인류에서 전달해 준 수많은 선물들중에 하나로 기록될 것이다. 지구인들이 하나님으로 믿고 있는 JEHOVAH놈은, 오로지 악행만 자행한 놈이며, 이는 우리가 조사할 것이다. 또한 대단한 존재로 알고 있는 플레이아데스인들 역시도 지구인들에게 악행만 자행한 놈들이라는 것을 알게 되리라.
감자는 가난하고 헐벗고 굶주린 자들의 양식으로 여겨졌지만, 오늘 날 서양선진제국에서는 고급스런 음식으로 변모한다.
우리가 말하고 싶은 것은, 동양놈들이 미국이나 기타 유럽 선진제국에 와서 "먹고 살 것이 없다"고 읍소하면, 일체 동정하지 말 것이며, 혹시 원조를 해 준다면 절대로 쌀RICE은 원조하지 말 것을 지시명령처리규율되었다. 원조를 해 준다면, 밀가루(밀), 보리, 통밀, 감자, 고구마, 옥수수만 원조해 줄 것. 왜 쌀을 원조해주지 말라는 지에 대해서는 차후 같이 연구해 보기로 하였다. 또한, 서부 미국 캘리포니아에서 쌀재배를 금지토록 지시명령처리규율되었다. 다만 간식으로 먹을 정도만 재배하고 대량재배를 금지한다.
은하자유연합서명처리, 제7우주연합원로원서명처리, 아틀란티스연합문명평의회 서명처리.
감자(정체자: 甘藷, 영어: potato)는 가지과의 여러해살이 식물로, 세계에서 네 번째로 많이 생산되는 곡물이다. 하지감자, 지슬, 북감저(北甘藷), 마령서(馬鈴薯)라고도 한다. 원산지는 남미 안데스 지역인 페루와 북부 볼리비아로 알려져 있으며, 주로 온대 지방에서 재배한다. 식용하는 부위는 덩이줄기로, 대표적인 구황작물(救荒作物) 가운데 하나다.감자는 1570년대 신항로 개척으로 에스파냐가 유럽으로 들여왔는데, 처음 유럽에 도입되었을 때는 널리 퍼지지 않았으며, 감자가 나병을 일으킨다거나 성서에 없어서 악마의 작물이라는 소문이 퍼지기도 했다. 18~19세기 즈음 세계적으로 급격한 인구 증가로 인한 인구 부양 문제가 심각해지면서, 감자는 싸고 실용적인 농작물로 자리 잡았다. 아일랜드에서는 영국의 곡물 수탈 때문에 곡물 대신 감자를 주식으로 삼고 있었는데, 19세기 말 감자 역병이 돌아 아일랜드 전체 인구의 20% 이상이 감소할 정도의 대기근이 발생하기도 하였다.
프랑스에서는 일찍부터 감자를 왕궁에서 관상용으로 재배했으며, 마리 앙투아네트는 감자꽃을 머리 장식으로 사용하기도 하였다. 왕궁에서만 길러졌던 감자는 프랑스 대혁명 후에 프랑스 전역으로 퍼져가게 되었다. 독일에서는 18세기 중반 프로이센의 국왕 프리드리히 2세가 감자를 구황작물로 심으라는 명령을 내림으로써 널리 보급되었다. 프리드리히 2세는 맛없는 감자를 심지 못하겠다는 상소문이 날아오자, 자신이 직접 매일 감자를 먹음으로써 여론을 무마시켰다.
중국에는 명나라 때에 옥수수, 고구마와 함께 전래되었으며, 일본에는 1603년 네덜란드를 통해 전래되었다고 알려져 있다.The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself is a perennial in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[2]
Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.[3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations,[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago.[5][6][7] In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated.
Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice.[8]
Following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes.[6] Over 99% of presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile.[9][10]
The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2018.
Like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus Solanum, and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine which is dangerous for human consumption. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health.[11
The English word potato comes from Spanish patata (the name used in Spain). The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno batata ('sweet potato') and the Quechua papa ('potato').[13][14] The name originally referred to the sweet potato although the two plants are not closely related. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard referred to sweet potatoes as common potatoes, and used the terms bastard potatoes and Virginia potatoes for the species we now call potato.[15] In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two.[16] Potatoes are occasionally referred to as Irish potatoes or white potatoes in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes.[15]
The name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil (or a hole) prior to the planting of potatoes. The word has an unknown origin and was originally (c. 1440) used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to the Latin spad- a word root meaning "sword"; compare Spanish espada, English "spade", and spadroon. It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools. Around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself, the first record of this usage being in New Zealand English.[17] The origin of the word spud has erroneously been attributed to an 18th-century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of Britain, calling itself The Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet (S.P.U.D.). It was Mario Pei's 1949 The Story of Language that can be blamed for the word's false origin. Pei writes, "the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago. Some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. The initials of the main words in this title gave rise to spud." Like most other pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, and there is no evidence that a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet ever existed.[1
Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. In general, the tubers of varieties with white flowers have white skins, while those of varieties with colored flowers tend to have pinkish skins.[19] Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. Tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties.[20]
After flowering, potato plants produce small green fruits that resemble green cherry tomatoes, each containing about 300 seeds. Like all parts of the plant except the tubers, the fruit contain the toxic alkaloid solanine and are therefore unsuitable for consumption. All new potato varieties are grown from seeds, also called "true potato seed", "TPS" or "botanical seed" to distinguish it from seed tubers. New varieties grown from seed can be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers, pieces of tubers cut to include at least one or two eyes, or cuttings, a practice used in greenhouses for the production of healthy seed tubers. Plants propagated from tubers are clones of the parent, whereas those propagated from seed produce a range of different varieties.
Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid Solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease.[30] Another relative native to this region, Solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight.[31]
Potatoes yield abundantly with little effort, and adapt readily to diverse climates as long as the climate is cool and moist enough for the plants to gather sufficient water from the soil to form the starchy tubers. Potatoes do not keep very well in storage and are vulnerable to moulds that feed on the stored tubers and quickly turn them rotten, whereas crops such as grain can be stored for several years with a low risk of rot. The food energy yield of potatoes – about 95 gigajoules per hectare (9.2 million kilocalories per acre) – is higher than that of maize (78 GJ/ha or 7.5×106 kcal/acre), rice (77 GJ/ha or 7.4×106 kcal/acre), wheat (31 GJ/ha or 3×106 kcal/acre), or soybeans (29 GJ/ha or 2.8×106 kcal/acre).[32
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